The Ugandan Cricket Legacy
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| Uganda V Kenya Nakivubo stadium 1954:Standing, from left: Erek Johnson, Atul Shah,W. Handley, Dilbagh Singh, Abdul Qadir, Keith Boucher, Charlie De Souza, Sitting: E.H. Wilson, John Sequeira, John Wild (captain) Ramanchai Patel, Ian McAam |
IT WAS often said that Uganda
Goans played the role of “giant- killers” at the game of cricket in pre-expulsion Uganda. It is true that the Goans did not have the extensive numbers of
players to select as had the British
Asians, or in
the earlier years,
the players with
English County Cricket exposure that the Europeans could recruit. However make no mistake, the Uganda
Goan cricket legacy is steeped in legend, excellence and sportsmanship that
rival the best.
For
the record, cricket was first played in Uganda around 1900 and in the next
decade or so a few club teams sprang up including the Entebbe Goan Institute and
the Kampala Goan Institute. It was a Goan family led by Gerald Sequeira that donated the Lowis Cup in 1923 --
which gave rise to a club competition that lasted 50 years. In 1936 the
donation of the Narandas Rajaram Shield led to the start of an annual communal
tournament -- The Triangular -- that featured the Europeans, The British Asians
(representing settlers from India
and Pakistan) and the Goans. In
1949, the Africans led by Prince Maranda (brother of the
Kabaka of Buganda) fielded a team to make the tournament a Quadrangular.
Finally in 1965 the Muslims segmented away from the Asian team and we now had
the Pentangular, which was contested till 1971.
In 1952, the first
official Uganda representative side was selected and that saw the start of the
annual inter-territorial contests between
Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika
and Zanzibar (post 1964 saw the merger of the later 2 into Tanzania). In 1967, neighbouring Zambia
joined the competition
to increase the
excitement and level of competition. In between these annual
3 days matches, from 1956 to the expulsion (1972), a variety of test calibre
teams from the UK, India and Pakistan
visited East Africa and engaged local and representative teams --
providing the locals with a taste
of the highest level of world cricket. World Class cricket names like Hanif Mohammed, Lance Gibbs,
Basil D’Oliveira, Tom Graveney, Everton Weekes, Colin McDonald, Polly Umrigar,
Asif Iqbal, Wallis
Mathias, Mike Smith
and Vinoo Mankad were among of those who thrilled
the local crowds.
Against
this backdrop then, the small but highly engaged Goan community created a great
deal of excitement on the cricket field. The
first contested version of the Lowis Cup in 1923 saw the
Asian Sports Association play the Uganda
Police team in the final.
Deoniz DeSouza, who
legend has it,
cycled 50 miles the previous day from Jinja to Kampala, led the ASA to a
victory with a swashbuckling
unbeaten knock of 169 runs. Two years later,
led by Gerald Sequeira, the Kampala Goan Institute won their 1st of 7
titles (the final one being in 1963). The Entebbe Goan Institute also won the trophy once.
The
record of matches of the early years are limited, however the folklore
emanating there from is significant. Led by the heroics of Deoniz De Souza and
Gerald Sequeira, there was the powerful batting of Germano Gama, the superb
cover drives of Euthrope Pinto, the dynamic leadership of Steven De Souza the
artistry of Leo Gama and the clever bowling of Thomas DeSouza. This led to the triumph in winning their 1st triangular
tournament in 1938 (after the Asians
and Europeans had won in 1936 and 1937 respectively). The ensuing war years
caused a curtailing to sporting activity but the resumption of full-fledged
play in 1944/45 saw the rivalry between the 3 teams intensify and led to a most
exciting quality of competition that continued unabated until the Idi Amin
expulsion order in 1972. The second half of the decade of the 40’s saw a period
of dominance by the Goans who won in 1946, 1948 and 1949. The pre-war veterans
on the team had been bolstered by the arrival of a new set of stars --- Michael
Texeira, John Sequeira, Alcantro
Lobo and Celly Dias came to the fore -- and the Goans were a feared lot. The rest of the story is best
told by highlighting some of the Stars
and unsung heroes and the events of their contribution.
Michael
Texeira: Texeira (or Texy as
he was called by many)
was a pure legend. His arrival on
the scene in the mid 40’s immediately made the Goans a team to be reckoned with. He was a devastating
opening bowler, who on July 23rd
1950, achieved every bowlers dream of taking all 10 wickets in an innings
demolishing the home team Kampala Sports club for 143 runs with figures of
10/44 in 23 overs. On a wicket that was giving limited assistance to the
bowlers, he never allowed the batsman to settle and set the stage for a big win
by the Kampala Goans. A few years earlier he had been instrumental in the Goans
winning the Triangular in 1946 and 1948 (the later over the formidable Asian
team where he, Thomas and Sequeira bundled the opposition out for 205 run in 2
innings). In 1949 Michael led the Kampala Goan Institute to victory in the
Lowis Cup and then led the Uganda Goans
to victory in the 1st Quadrangular Tournament
(the Africans having joined the fest).The formation of Uganda Cricket
Association in 1952, led to the selection of the first Uganda National team.
Michael Texeira at the age of 34 was one of 2 Goans selected to
the team that on august 22nd, 23rd and 24th played the 1st inter-territorial
match against the powerful Kenya team led by Denis Dawson. This most modest of
gentleman went on to play for Uganda until 1954 (although it should be point
out that up-country work assignments impacted his availability). He was part of
the Goans Quadrangular triumphs in 1954 (with significant bowling analyses
against the Africans and Europeans) and again in 1956 over the Asians. It
should also be noted that he was an outstanding hockey player at the club and
national level.
The son of the first Goan
captain, Gerald Sequeira, this fine all-rounder was a mainstay of the Goan team in the glory years
of the late 40’s and early to mid-
50s. John could score runs all around the field and could lift the ball
for sixers at will in his heyday.
He would also open the bowling, and combined with Texeira, was
part of an opening attack that was feared. He contributed significantly to the
Triangular wins in 1948 and 1949 and was
selected to the
first Uganda national team in 1952. Perhaps Sequeira’s
most dominant moment
was on November
29th 1952 in Jinja when he hammered 131
runs against the
powerful European team led by Col Gordon.
John
followed
his
batting
heroics
with
3
wickets
that
thwarted
Gordon’s team from winning their 3rd successive title. He went on to be an integral part of the Goan quadrangular
wins in 1954, 1956, 1960 and 1964. In the 1960 final against the Asians, John
took 7/55 in the second innings to
seal the victory. This led to him being selected to captain Uganda in
Sept 1960 against the touring Gujarat Cricket Club. This long serving and
highly respected player was selected 8 times to represent
his country between 1952 and 1960.
Celly Dias: Celly broke on the cricket scene in
1948 and at age 18 was the babe
of the team that won the Triangular that year, playing a crucial
unbeaten innings of 21 in that low
scoring match. Within the next few years he became a dominant batsman who
picked up runs in the most
unconventional and effortless
way.
In 1950 in the match that
Michael Texeira took 10 wickets, the
Goans went in to
bat chasing a score of 143
in 100 minutes.
Celly opened the
batting and took
the challenge head on scoring 107 runs in 80 minutes and seeing his
team to victory. A year later in 1951,
opening the batting
for the United
Asians against the Uganda Kobs,
he pummeled the bowling for 115 runs
before retiring. For
some unexplainable reason he was not selected to the Uganda National
team till 1960 when he “earned” his one
and only Uganda ‘cap’ in a win over Tanganyika.
Numerous times this talented sportsman bailed the Goans out of
extremely awkward situations. In
the 1960
quadrangular finals against
the Asians, Celly
came to the wicket with his team at 106/6 and went on to score an
unbeaten 87 and the took 3 wickets to
lead the Goans to the Shield. In 1962 another tailender knock of 95 saw the
Goans amass a total of 463 runs to achieve yet another impressive championship
win over the Asians. He was also part of the 1964 quadrangular and the 1966
Pentangular wins by the Goans. Celly
also was a
difficult bowler to play against with his ability to mingle slow medium
pace with delicate off spin bowling.
When not spending
his time in
cricket “whites” all he
did was win the 1953 Uganda tennis singles crown ( a feat his father had done
in 1932) and was a top flight player for
the Kampala Goan tennis team for a number
of years, winning
the Uganda doubles
crown too.
Edwin Fernandes: Another highly respected cricketer from the
colonial period, Edwin
was a very
dependable and cautious
early middle order
bat who went
on to captain
the Goans Quadrangular
team in the
mid 50’s which
included a big win over the
Asians in 1956. Edwin
earned 5 Uganda
“caps” in games
against Tanganyika and Kenya
from 1953 to 1956. His memorable performances however would have had to be in
the quadrangulars of 1952 and 1954.
In the former he scored an 89 runs
out of a total of 172 runs in the Goan second innings against the
aforementioned European team led by
Col Gordon –
sealing any change the opposition had of winning the game
by virtue of the second innings.
In the 1954 championship,
he followed a
knock of 87
against the Africans
in the first round with innings
of 50 and 72 against the powerful European team to secure the trophy.
Charlie
D’Souza: Arguably the best all-rounder Uganda produced in that era, Charlie
D’Souza was certainly the longest playing cricketer at the National level.
Records to date have shown that he had represented Uganda 50 times and at the time of the expulsion in Sept 1972, had
been named yet again to the Uganda squad in preparation for the scheduled Inter-territorials.
Charlie was the son of
Deoniz D’Souza, a legend in his own right. He broke into the Goan Quadrangular team in 1952,
while still at school. The following year he played a significant role in
skittling the Asian team in the second innings for 115 by taking 6 wickets. A strong batting
and bowling performance in the ensuing selection trial match led to his first
Uganda “cap” in Dec 1953 at Entebbe against Tanganyika.
Batting at the number 10 spot, he scored
34 quick runs
( second highest ) and in very limited bowling got the
all-important wicket of Ron Meredew
in the second innings as Uganda waltzed to their first inter-territorial
win by 5 wickets. Thereafter be became a
fixture on the Uganda team, very rarely missing a game. Over the next 2 decades he
played consistently against the East African countries as well as against
visiting teams from Pakistan, India,
England and Zambia. While in the early years he earned
his spot on the national team as an opening bowler,
he was always a dangerous late
middle order bat
who could delight
a crowd with
his attacking play
and thunderous cover
drives. Later in his
career the batting became more penetrating and no bowling was safe
when Charlie got set at the crease. All through his career he was the
backbone of the Kampala Goan Institute team (captaining them to the elusive
Lowis Cup club title in 1963), as
well as the Uganda
Goan Quadrangular and
Pentangular teams. He was in the teams that won the
Narandas Rajaram Shield
in 1954, 1956,
1960, 1962, 1964, 1966 and 1971
(the last one contested before the Asian expulsion). Sprinkled therein was
regular representation for
the Buganda Province
in the inter
provincial Sazen Cup.
While
impossible to detail all of the contribution by this tenured player, a number
of significant highlight moments need
amplification.
1) Oct 1956 – the finals of the Quadrangular between
the British Asians and the Goans: The Goans score 154 led by a top score of 43
by Charlie. The strong Asian team
boasting internationals like Salaudin Khan, Premji Patel, Shashikant Patel and
budding spin bowler Kishore Vasani, were bowled out for 147, with Charlie
taking 4/48. Kishore caused great problems for the Goans in their second
innings bundling them out for 130. Set to score only 135 to win the Asians were
veritably “licking their chops” as they started the final morning of the match
at 43/1. However ably supported by John Sequeira and Michael Texeira, Charlie had other ideas – his figures of 5/27 of 25
overs with 12 maidens, sent the Asians spiraling to a mere 92 runs – a major 45 run win for the Goans.
2) Sept 1957 – In an international match against Tanganyika played in Kampala, Charlie
caused much pain for the opposition with both the bat and ball. After taking 8
wickets for 101 runs in the 2 Tanganyika innings,
he came in at number 8 in the Uganda second innings and unleashed a torrid
display of batting, scoring 50 runs in
30 minutes.
3)
Aug 1964 – In
a match against the touring Pakistan
International Airways team that
included a number of prominent Pakistan test players, the visitors’ fast bowler
Antao D’Souza had torn through the heart of the Uganda batting in the second
innings, when Charlie came to the wicket at 37/6. What ensued was a batting
spectacle with the ball being hammered to all corners of the field. Most
memorable was a hit of the Pakistan spinner Afaq Hussein outside the walls of
Lugogo Stadium onto Jinja road. Charlie’s knock of 52 was the only highlight
for the home crowd as the tourists inflicted an innings defeat!
4)
Jan 1965 – An
inter-territorial match against Kenya led by Gurcharan Singh. Innings of 79 and
121 runs by Charlie took a near follow-on situation for Uganda and converted it
into a chase for victory – which chase fizzled when our hero got out with a few
minutes left in the game.
5)
Sept 1968 –
The East African quadrangular championships held in Nairobi between Kenya,
Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. In the
match against Kenya, batting out of the
number 9 spot, Charlie scored an unbeaten 115 runs leading Uganda to its
highest score in an innings of 436. In an ensuing match against Zambia he had
unbeaten knocks of 52 and 21. Together with
some limited but most effective bowling, he garnered the best individual
batting and bowling averages for the tournament and was named the Best
All-Rounder by the East African Standard Newspaper.
Charlie
did have the honour of captaining Uganda in the inter territorials held in
Uganda in 1970. Earlier on, he was chosen to represent East Africa against the
MCC touring team. He also was a good hockey player and represented Uganda in that sport in 1959 in addition to being
on the Kampala Goan Institute team that won the M.R de Souza gold cup in 1957.
Peter
De Souza: Peter De Souza learnt his cricket in Karachi, Pakistan before
migrating to Uganda circa 1958. A very sound middle order bat, he also bowled
slow leg breaks and googlies than could turn the fortune of a match.
Unlike most of the Goans he opted to
play his club cricket for Jai Sports club which at the time included a number of the
Uganda Asians players. Jai had won the coveted Lowis Cup in 1956 under the
captaincy of Premji Patel and the addition
of Peter was soon evident. In 1958 he was part of the Goan quadrangular
team and by December 1959 he made his debut for the Uganda national team against
Kenya
in Nairobi. The following year he made his mark with an unbeaten century for
Buganda province in the Sazen Cup and was made captain of the Goan Quadrangular
team, leading them to victory after 3 years in the doldrums. This led to 5 Goans being selected to the Uganda
team in 1960 (the highest ever) and in the ensuing match in Dar-es –Salaam ,
Uganda secured a convincing 6 wicket victory thanks to a fine bowling spell of
5/36 by Peter followed by an unbeaten 44
on the difficult Indian Gymkhana ground. The same year he was selected to represent East Africa against the
visiting Gujarat Cricket club and shortly thereafter chosen to captain Uganda –
a role he discharged with distinction for the next 4 years.
The
high point in Peter’s cricket career came in 1962 during the Pentangular finals against the Asians. Powered by a
massive innings of 172 (a new Uganda record at the time ) by schoolboy
Pranjivan Davda, the Asians had scored 358 runs in their 1stinnings. The Goans in
reply started well but thereafter had a middle order collapse which saw half
the team down for a mere 106. Peter took matters in his hand and after 3
partnerships ( with skipper Carlitho Mascarenhas, youngster Leslie Da costa and
veteran Celly Dias) guided his team to victory with a record total of 463 runs. Peter’s
contribution was 164 runs. Peter went on to
be part of future Goan Quadrangular and Pentangular titles in 1964, 1966
and 1971. He continued in the Uganda national team and was chosen to represent
East Africa against the MCC in 1963. He represented Uganda on 16 occasions from 1959 to 1965.
Carlitho
Mascarenhas: Tall and well-built,
Carlitho Mascarenhas got into the Uganda Goan Quadrangular team in 1955 with a
debut 44 runs against the Africans. The next year onwards
he became a staple in the Kampala
Goan Institute and Uganda
Goan teams until his departure for Canada in 1967. In addition to being a hard
hitting and adaptable middle order bat, he was an imposing pace bowler and was
rewarded with his first “cap” for Uganda in Aug 1958 against the South African
“non-European” team led by the famous Basil D’Oliveira. Batting at number 11, Mascarenhas scored an
unbeaten 21 that included
a massive sixer of the South
African spinner, G. Langa. His next international match was against Tanganyika in Oct 1960, when his took 5
wickets, setting the stage for a Uganda victory. On the club cricket scene,
Carlitho was a major contributor to the Kampala Goan Institute side at a time
when they were the major nemesis to the Jinja Recreation Club (who ruled the
roost for a good 7 years). He was a member of the Goan teams that won
Quadrangular in 1956, 1960, 1962 (as captain), 1964 and the Pentangular in
1966. Perhaps his most disappointing match would have been the first
Pentangular tournament in 1965, when as skipper of the Goan side he took 8/84
against the Asians in the final – alas only to see his team lose a tight low scoring match because of 5
unnecessary run-outs in the two innings. Carlitho’s final
swan song on
the East African
cricket scene was in the 1966
East
African inter territorials in Kampala, where he got 6 wickets against Kenya and
then batted a patient 34 runs while his batting partner amassed runs. This
outstanding athlete was also a very good hockey left half, having represented
Goans and the Uganda national team for a number of years.
Felix
D’Mello jnr: One of the sporting D’Mello
brothers from Entebbe, Felix was a
mainstay for the Entebbe Goan institute team for many years. Being
selected to the Uganda Goan Squad in
the late 50’s he was following in the footsteps of his older brothers – Joseph and
John- and very soon he was opening the
batting and pitching in with the bowling. Felix was a medium pace bowler
who often resorted to the “bumper’ or “bouncer” to get a wicket. He made his
debut for the national team in 1960 in Dar es Salaam where he opened the
batting with the great Noordin
Virani, in a match that Uganda prevailed. Felix was an important member of the
Goan quadrangular winning team in 1960 where his second innings unbeaten knock
of 44, carried them past the
victory line. He went to be part of the championship
winning teams in 1962, 1964, 1966, and 1971. Felix made it back to the Uganda
national team for the East African Inter- territorials held in Nairobi in 1968.
Lawrence
Fernandes: A superb all-rounder, Lawrence moved
back to Uganda from
Mombasa, Kenya, where in 1960, he had already played for the ‘young Kenya Asians” team at the age of 15. His
arrival in Uganda was an immediate boost
to the local cricket scene. Lawrence turned out to be a patient and
technically sound opening batsmen, a spin bowler who had the occasional googly
thrown in with his leg breaks and
the best gully fielder Uganda had seen. His first big test came in Nov 1962 in the quadrangular
1st round against the defending champion Europeans. The Goan’s opening and
middle order bats had collapsed to
57/5, when Fernandes came in, batting an unbeaten, mature innings of 60 and together with veteran Celly Dias,
anchored his team to victory. The following year he played his first of 26
matches for Uganda – against Tanganyika. Shortly
thereafter he had the distinction of taking 5 wickets in one over in a club
fixture. His big challenge came when selected to play the touring MCC team that
included 9 English test players. Like all of the Uganda team, Lawrence
acquitted himself modestly against the fierce bowling of Larter and Jeff Jones
as well as the spin attack of Mortimore and Hobbs. However he distinguished
himself by taking two spectacular catches to dismiss Peter Parfitt and Colin Milburn.
Lawrence
was part of the Kampala Goan Institute team that won the 1963 Lowis Cup title and
his spot on the Uganda team was ‘guaranteed” –
opening the batting for the next
7 years with Noordin Virani (arguably Uganda’s most prolific pure batsman in
the 1960’s). Similarly together with veteran Kishore Vasani, formed a dangerous
spin attack for the country.
Like
Charlie DeSouza, Lawrence’s achievements
are too numerous
the detail, but a number of
standout moments must be mentioned.
1) In the East African Inter-territorials in 1966 held
at Lugogo Stadium in Kampala, this amazing player,
in a match against Kenya, opened the batting and stayed unbeaten to the end with a total of 160 runs.
A very memorable part of the innings was a 118 run stand with Carlitho
Mascarenhas (34) where Fernandes played a range of exquisite shots to all parts
of the field.
2)
In 1967,
opening the batting for Uganda against the touring Warwickshire county side (
that included test players –Denis Amiss, Khalid Ibadulla, Mike
Smith, Lance Gibbs and Tom Cartwright), Lawrence held his wicket
while all around his were falling ( 4 ducks were recorded). Finally he
found a
terrific partner in schoolboy/wicketkeeper Bhasker Pandya and together
they steered Uganda to a respectable score of 205 – Lawrence scored a patient
67, while Pandya hammered a torrid 66.
3)
During the 1970 Inter-territorials in
Kampala, in a
match between Tanzania and Uganda, the former need 250 runs
in the second innings to win the match. Lawrence, who had figures of 2/29 in
the 1st innings, went to work on the Makerere University ground and other than
a century by Gajjar, completely confounded the rest of the Tanzanian
batsmen. Alas time was the enemy and at close of play, the visitors were reeling at 199/8, but managed to
stave of
defeat. Fernandes had
taken 7/86 from 24 overs.
4)
Lawrence was
part of 4 Quadrangular/Pentangular title wins by the Uganda Goans --- 1962,
1964, 1966 and 1971. In the final one he together with skipper Charlie and 16 year old Braz Dias were the top players in the tournament.
5) Lawrence was selected to represent East Africa
against the Nawab of Pataudi led Indian test team in 1967 and again in 1968
against a select “International XI
“. In 1972 when the 1st tour of England by an East African cricket team was
undertaken, Lawrence Fernandes was one of 5 Ugandan players chosen for the 12 friendly match series.
At
the time of the Asian expulsion in 1972, Lawrence Fernandes at age of 27, had
already played for 9 continuous years for his country and had been named in
August 1972 in the Uganda squad for the East African Inter-territorials that
never transpired.
Lawrence Dias:
Another Lawrence who
was a polished
opening batsman and made it to the Goan Quadrangular side as
a schoolboy. Dias was a hard hitting bat
who could punish
any type of
bowling. His biggest
‘block” to the
national squad was the
presence of Lawrence
Fernandes and Noordin
Virani who “hogged” the
positions. Nevertheless he did break through in the 1970 Inter- territorials
and rewarded the selectors with innings of 71 against Tanzania and 51 against Zambia. Dias played the following year
against the touring
Hyderabad Blues and was also in
the aforementioned select squad for the 1972 East African Championship.
Aloysius
Mathias: A multi-sport talent Al Mathias broke into the Goan Quadrangular squad
in 1951 in the heyday of Texeira and
Sequeira and quickly assumed the position of opening bat. A regular in the
Uganda Goan team till 1964, he broke
into the Uganda team in 1958 for a match against Tanzania. Hockey and tennis were just as important an
undertaking for Mathias and he had the
distinction of being of national calibre at all 3 sports. A hard –working full back, he represented Uganda number of
times in hockey including in 1952 against the touring Pakistan Rovers and in
1959 at the first Rahim Jira inter- territorials in Kampala. He was also a
proud member of the 1957 Kampala Goan Institute teams that won the elusive M.R
de Souza gold cup. At any given point
in time in the 1960’s Aloysius was among the top 5 tennis players in
Uganda and won the National doubles titles 3
times.
Edwin Fonseca: Another all-round sportsman, Edwin was from Mbale and went on
to distinguish himself at cricket, hockey and tennis at Makerere
University in the mid-1960s. Fine
batsmen with a fierce off-side
stroke he made
the Goan quadrangular and
Pentangular teams from time to time. In 1969 he was selected to the Uganda team
that went to Zambia for the East & Central African championship.
It would be inappropriate
to conclude this narrative without mentioning
the number of other outstanding
Goan cricketers from Uganda who
played various roles in the team successes and the pleasure
provided to the fans. The 2 sets of D’Mello brothers from Entebbe – Felix snr, Victor and Marcus (probably the
best Goan fielder) and
Joseph, John and
Joaquim (brothers of
already mentioned Felix jnr) were invaluable in their
contributions. Leslie Da Costa was a key cog in the 1962 Quadrangular win and
may have made
national colours if
not leaving for overseas studies.
Francis Dantas and Lawrence
Barretto safely kept
wickets and pounded some
runs. Claude DeSouza
from Entebbe was
always there to
stem a collapse and
Mombasa “recruit” Franklyn
Pereira’s innings of
91 batting at number 10 in the
1960 triumph will never be forgotten. Mark Gracias and Alban Rattos added
to the middle
order batting punch.
There were others that have
not been mentioned and they do have the writers apologies and
sincere thanks ---
Thanks for the
memories and the
great times.
He joined the Royal Bank of Canada here and rose to be VP for mortgages for Properties in the Greater Toronto Area. He has recently retired. John was a keen follower of all sports and his memory is simply amazing! He remembers incidents, dates and scores that even we, as players in those matches, have “almost” forgotten!
John has been active in the Goan Community here for years and has been Vice- President and later President of the GOA Toronto. He still plays an active part and can be considered one of the leaders in our community. A man of strong faith, he and his wife Gladys (also Ugandan) undertake sessions for prenuptial couples.
John
Noronha at university graduation, receiving
his degree from Ugandan despot the late Idi Amin whose
one of many murderous sins was to expel virtually every Asian, at very short notice, from Uganda.
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